![]() Today, the Intel Corporation have placed a staggering 1.2 Billion individual transistor gates onto its new Quad-core i7-2700K Sandy Bridge 64-bit microprocessor chip operating at nearly 4GHz, and the on-chip transistor count is still rising, as newer faster microprocessors and micro-controllers are developed. The worlds first microprocessor in 1971 was the Intel 4004 that had a 4-bit data bus and contained about 2,300 transistors on a single chip, operating at about 600kHz. When Gordon Moore made his famous comment way back in 1965 there were approximately only 60 individual transistor gates on a single silicon chip or die. In 1965, Gordon Moore co-founder of the Intel corporation predicted that “The number of transistors and resistors on a single chip will double every 18 months” regarding the development of semiconductor gate technology. These complete integrated chips which can contain up to 100 million individual silicon-CMOS transistor gates within one single package are generally used in mobile phones, digital cameras, micro-controllers, PIC’s and robotic type applications. Here the individual components such as the microprocessor, memory, peripherals, I/O logic etc, are all produced on a single piece of silicon and which represents a whole electronic system within one single chip, literally putting the word “integrated” into integrated circuit. While the “ultra large scale” ULSI classification is less well used, another level of integration which represents the complexity of the Integrated Circuit is known as the System-on-Chip or ( SOC) for short. Ultra-Large Scale Integration or (ULSI) – more than 1 million transistors – the big boys that are used in computers CPUs, GPUs, video processors, micro-controllers, FPGAs and complex PICs.Super-Large Scale Integration or (SLSI) – between 10,000 and 100,000 transistors within a single package and perform computational operations such as microprocessor chips, micro-controllers, basic PICs and calculators.Very-Large Scale Integration or (VLSI) – between 1,000 and 10,000 transistors or thousands of gates and perform computational operations such as processors, large memory arrays and programmable logic devices.Large Scale Integration or (LSI) – between 100 and 1,000 transistors or hundreds of gates and perform specific digital operations such as I/O chips, memory, arithmetic and logic units. ![]()
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